动脉粥样硬化模型
猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型饲料
和造模注意事项
Model Diet of Atherosclerosis for
Pig or Miniature-Pig
家猪、微型猪（小型猪）都可以用于动脉粥样硬化研究和造模。微型猪（mini-pig,miniature pig)身材小，模型饲料消耗量小，药物或食品功能因子等干预因子需要量小，因此，常用于动脉粥样硬化研究。
一、猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型造模的特点
猪作为人类动脉粥样硬化模型动物，在以下方面非常类似人类：
(1)解剖、生理、病理生理、血脂代谢都与人类相似，血浆胆固醇主要在LDL中。
(2)血浆脂蛋白对模型饲料的反应与人类相似。
(3)动脉粥样硬化发生部位与人类相似，从腹主动脉开始发生，向胸主动脉延伸，可以发生冠状动脉粥样硬化。
(4)与人类相似，当酯化胆固醇的比例较高时，游离胆固醇从血浆进入动脉壁。
(5)与人类相似，可以发生到动脉粥样硬化高级阶段，发生斑块并且形成血栓。
猪作为人类动脉粥样硬化的模型动物开展研究，需要解决以下缺点或不利：
(1)猪能够自发发生动脉粥样硬化，对照喂养的猪正常饲料要求较高，需要使用符合要求的普通饲料。
(2)猪有过食（overeat）行为，在长期喂养期间，成年猪容易过度肥胖而生长期猪生长过快。因此需要控制每天食量。
二、猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型造模方法
猪颈中部颈动脉结扎狭窄（左），在喂养高脂高胆固醇饲料后，颈动脉狭窄近端发生动脉粥样硬化和斑块。方法见：http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/9/1893.full
有三种方法：
(1)高脂高胆固醇模型饲料+自由饮食。
动脉粥样硬化发展的速度慢，需要较长时间喂养，很难到达纤维冒阶段。
(2)高脂高胆固醇模型饲料+气囊牵拉性内膜损伤+自由饮食。
动脉粥样硬化发展速度快，容易达到纤维化斑块和纤维帽阶段。
(3)高脂高胆固醇模型饲料+颈动脉狭窄(结扎)+自由饮食。
动脉粥样硬化发展速度快，可在颈动脉狭窄处形成严重的硬化和纤维帽。
三、猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型造模用高脂高胆固醇模型饲料
高脂高胆固醇模型饲料分为两类：
（1）高脂高胆固醇模型饲料中添加胆盐
优点：胆盐加快动脉粥样硬化形成的进程和发展的严重程度，可以到达动脉粥样硬化的高级阶段。
缺点：胆盐本身对动物机能发挥作用，甚至毒性作用。
（2）高脂高胆固醇模型饲料中不添加胆盐
动脉粥样硬化形成和发展速度较慢，难以到达动脉粥样硬化高级阶段。
下表列出的是南通特洛菲饲料科技有限公司提供的猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型饲料。
家猪或微型猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料
日粮型
以下模型饲料是在本公司猪标准饲料(低脂)生产过程中添加脂肪和胆固醇，其正常对照饲料应当选用TP 2R001。
产品代码 模型饲料名称 说明
P3101：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，10%脂肪，2%胆固醇
P3103：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，12%脂肪，5%胆固醇，0.7%胆盐
P3107：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，14%脂肪，4%胆固醇，1%胆盐
P3105：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，15%脂肪，2%胆固醇
P3110：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，15%脂肪，1.5%胆固醇
P3113：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，17%脂肪，2%胆固醇
P3115：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，17%脂肪，4%胆固醇
P3120：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，20%脂肪，4%胆固醇，1.5%胆盐
P3005：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，21%脂肪，2%胆固醇，0.7%胆盐
P3130：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，30%脂肪，4%胆固醇，2.5%胆盐
如果以上模型饲料不能满足你的要求，请提出！
纯化型
以下模型饲料是纯化日粮，价格相对较高。
产品代码 模型饲料名称 说明
P3401：猪纯化型标准饲料 低脂肪，用于对照喂养
P3410：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，40%(热量）脂肪，2%胆固醇，0.7%胆碱
P3401：猪高脂高胆固醇模型饲料，40%(热量）脂肪，2%胆固醇
如果以上模型饲料不能满足你的要求，请提出！
四、猪或微型猪动脉粥样硬化模型饲料选择注意事项
1. 动脉粥样硬化模型的决定因素
动脉粥样硬化的形成速度和发展的程度，取决于：
（1）猪的品种、年龄、性别；
（2）模型方法；
（3）模型饲料中脂肪含量、胆固醇和胆盐的含量。
（4）喂养时间。
因此，在研究设计阶段，应当对以上方面进行论证后综合确定研究方案。必要时，可以寻求南通特洛菲饲料科技有限公司技术部的技术支持。
2.对照饲料应当与模型饲料匹配
应当注意，对照饲料的类型应当与模型饲料的类型匹配，都是日粮型，或者，都是纯化型。只有在研究特殊的情况下，模型饲料采用纯化型，对照饲料采用日粮型。
3.对照饲料应当是低脂型猪标准饲料而不应当是普通喂养的猪饲料
应当明白，市场上销售的猪饲料是为追求养殖的效果（最大化生长速度）而生产的，而且其中成分极其复杂，因此，不适合用于动脉粥样硬化模型饲料的配制，也不适合用于对照喂养。
有的研究者想当然地这样做：对照饲料采用市场上的猪养殖饲料，用猪养殖饲料添加脂肪、胆固醇等做成模型饲料。
请注意这样的事实：养殖饲料完全是追求商业利益和最大化猪生长速度而生产，其中的原料和成分极其复杂，影响实验的因素很多，不同企业生产的养殖饲料在原料、添加剂方面相差又很大。
请注意这样的要求：动脉粥样硬化模型的对照饲料应当是低脂肪、无胆固醇的符合实验动物标准的猪饲料，而模型饲料(日粮型）应当是使用这样的饲料为基础，除了添加脂肪和胆固醇(以及胆盐）外，还应当平衡蛋白质、碳水化合物、纤维、维生素和矿物质等等，因此，配比要求和生产技术要求都很高。
4.关于造模开始前的适应期和喂养方法
在研究设计中，应当特别注意造模前需要适应期，其目的不仅仅是让动物适应环境，还包括从原来不符合实验动物要求的猪养殖饲料喂养的机能状态的调整到实验动物应有的机能状态，这个期间应当使用对照饲料进行喂养。猪适应期应当至少10天。
5.关于药物或食品功能因子的添加
如果实验中需要口服药物或者食品功能因子，应当尽可能在喂养前添加到饲料中，因为猪吃的是液体饲料，添加方便。如果药物或者食品功能因子比较稳定，不受饲料中成分的影响，那么，可以在饲料生产过程中添加。
五、动脉内膜损伤方法
如果单纯喂模型饲料，只能达到脂质条纹期。如果希望进一步发展到动脉粥样硬化中期表现（斑块期），一般采用定点血管内膜牵拉性损伤，即向动脉插入带有一根末端带有气囊的导管，通过加压使得气囊膨大，导致动脉局部牵拉性损伤。为了保障不同动物的动脉牵拉性损伤程度一致，不同动物中气囊内压力要相同。
对于上述描述中有不清楚之处或者其他注意事项，请与南通特洛菲饲料科技有限公司技术部联系。
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